The Lunar Eclipse Tetrads And The Jewish Calendar

The most spectacular thing I saw this week was the total lunar eclipse on Monday morning, which I observed from my parents' home in the New Forest - I could view it from the spare bedroom I was sleeping in.

There has been a lot of fuss made in certain circles about a tetrad and blood Moon and how these tie into Biblical prophecy. The Moon's orbit is inclined and some time back I wrote a post about the various lunar months. One of these is the draconic month of 27.21222 days, which is the time between successive crossings of the ascending node.

Basically, as the Moon's orbit is inclined, it will spend half its time above the ecliptic (the projection of the Sun's path onto the starry background) and half its time below. When it moves from below to above (as the northern hemisphere would reckon it), this is the ascending node. The synodic month - from New Moon to New Moon - is longer, and on average is 29.530589 days.

Now consider 6 synodic months - which is equal to 177.183534 days. This is 6.511 draconic months. So, if the Moon was crossing the ascending node at Full Moon, then 6 Full Moons later it would be near the descending node.

So, what can happen if conditions are right are that there is a lunar eclipse, and then lunar eclipses 6, 12 and 18 synodic months later. If these are all total eclipses, then we have what is now termed the tetrad.

And this week's was the fourth in a tetrad.

What has caused some excitement is that this fell on the Jewish festival of Sukkot, and all the total lunar eclipses in this tetrad were on Sukkot or Pesach.

Now, if you look at the Jewish calendar, then you will see that most years have 12 months - which are lunar months. So, a Full Moon will fall mid-month, every month. And the other obvious thing is that there is 6 months from Nissan (the month which Pesach falls in) to Tishri (the month that Sukkot falls in). And often there is 6 months from Tishri to Nissan.

In a tetrad, the eclipses will be 6 Jewish months apart.

So, if the first lunar eclipse of a tetrad is in the month of Nissan, then we will have the pattern:

Nissan-Tishri-Nissan-Tishri

if the first eclipse doesn't fall in a leap year. If it does, then the pattern becomes:

Nissan-Tishri-Adar Beit-Elul

Another pattern involving a leap year is possible, when the first lunar eclipse of a tetrad is in the month of Iyyar, which is the month that follows Nissan:

Iyyar-Cheshvan-Nissan-Tishri

If the first lunar eclipse of a tetrad is in the month of Tishri, then we will have the pattern:

Tishri-Nissan-Tishri-Nissan

if there are no leap years involved. If there are, then the pattern becomes:

Tishri-Nissan-Tishri-Adar Beit

or

Tishri-Adar Beit-Elul-Adar

depending on where the leap year is.

Hence, it is possible in a tetrad for two total lunar eclipses to be in Nissan (and hence fall on Pesach) and the other two to be in Tishri (and hence fall on Sukkot).

One factor in the excitement around this tetrad is that, apparently, whenever there is a tetrad where all the eclipses occur at Pesach and Sukkot, then there are significant events that happen relating to the Jewish people and/or the state of Israel - although as one list shows, these can be very tenuous (interestingly, that website declares there was no tetrad around the Crucifixion of Jesus, which not every tetrad fan agrees with - and there is a good article on the Answers In Genesis website which demonstrates that references to a blood-red moon at the Crucifixion were not a lunar eclipse).

As with Comet 1P/Halley, when you allow yourself to go a few years either side of an astronomical event, you can always find something important happening.

We can use NASA's lunar eclipse page (which has a list from 2000 BC to AD 3000)* to see where tetrads will be in the future, and a Hebrew calendar converter to see which month these fall into.

[* This also gives the number of tetrads in each century - interestingly it states there were no tetrads in the first century, listing the Pesach AD 33 eclipse as a partial - the one the previous Pesach is listed as total, but not visible from Jerusalem]

In the lists below, dates in bold are when the whole eclipse is visible from Jerusalem, and those in bold italics are where some of the eclipse is visible from Jerusalem.

Begin by looking at the rest of the twenty-first century:

2032/2033

Date	Jewish month and year
25 April 2032	Iyyar 5792
18 October 2032	Cheshvan 5793
14 April 2033	Nissan 5793
8 October 2033	Tishri 5794

2043/2044

Date	Jewish month and year
25 March 2043	Adar Beit 5803
19 September 2043	Elul 5803
13 March 2044	Adar 5804
7 September 2044	Elul 5804

2050/2051

Date	Jewish month and year
6 May 2050	Iyyar 5810
30 October 2050	Cheshvan 5811
26 April 2051	Iyyar 5811
19 October 2051	Cheshvan 5812

2061/2062

Date	Jewish month and year
4 April 2061	Nissan 5821
29 September 2061	Tishri 5822
25 March 2062	Adar Beit 5822
18 September 2062	Elul 5822

2072/2073

Date	Jewish month and year
4 March 2072	Adar 5832
28 August 2072	Elul 5832
22 February 2073	Adar Rishon 5833
17 August 2073	Av 5833

2090/2091

Date	Jewish month and year
15 March 2090	Adar Beit 5850
8 September 2090	Elul 5850
5 March 2091	Adar 5851
29 August 2091	Elul 5851

When we move on to the twenty-second century, there are 4 tetrads:

2101/2102

Date	Jewish month and year
14 February 2101	Shevat 5861
9 August 2101	Av 5861
3 February 2102	Shevat 5862
30 July 2102	Av 5862

2119/2120

Date	Jewish month and year
25 February 2119	Adar Rishon 5879
20 August 2119	Av 5879
14 February 2120	Shevat 5880
9 August 2120	Av 5880

2137/2138

Date	Jewish month and year
7 March 2137	Adar 5897
30 August 2137	Elul 5897
24 February 2138	Adar Rishon 5898
20 August 2138	Av 5898

2155/2156

Date	Jewish month and year
19 March 2155	Adar Beit 5915
11 September 2155	Elul 5915
7 March 2156	Adar 5916
30 August 2156	Elul 5916

That is the last tetrad for nearly 300 years - there are none in the twenty-third or twenty-fourth centuries, but when we come to the twenty-fifth century, there are 4 tetrads:

2448/2449

Date	Jewish month and year
17 June 2448	Sivan 6208
10 December 2448	Kislev 6209
6 June 2449	Sivan 6209
30 November 2449	Kislev 6210

2466/2467

Date	Jewish month and year
28 June 2466	Tammuz 6226
22 December 2466	Tevet 6227
18 June 2467	Sivan 6227
11 December 2467	Kislev 6228

2477/2478

Date	Jewish month and year
28 May 2477	Sivan 6237
21 November 2477	Kislev 6238
17 May 2478	Iyyar 6238
10 November 2478	Cheshvan 6239

2495/2496

Date	Jewish month and year
8 June 2495	Sivan 6255
2 December 2495	Kislev 6256
27 May 2496	Sivan 6256
21 November 2496	Kislev 6257

When we come to the twenty-sixth century, things pick up, with there being 7 tetrads totally within this century:

2506/2507

Date	Jewish month and year
8 May 2506	Iyyar 6266
2 November 2506	Cheshvan 6267
28 April 2507	Iyyar 6267
22 October 2507	Cheshvan 6268

2524/2525

Date	Jewish month and year
19 May 2524	Iyyar 6284
12 November 2524	Cheshvan 6285
8 May 2525	Iyyar 6285
1 November 2525	Cheshvan 6286

2542/2543

Date	Jewish month and year
30 May 2542	Sivan 6302
23 November 2542	Kislev 6303
20 May 2543	Iyyar 6303
12 November 2543	Cheshvan 6304

2564/2565

Date	Jewish month and year
29 March 2564	Nissan 6324
21 September 2564	Tishri 6325
18 March 2565	Adar Beit 6325
11 September 2565	Elul 6235

2571/2572

Date	Jewish month and year
11 May 2571	Iyyar 6331
3 November 2571	Cheshvan 6332
29 April 2572	Iyyar 6332
22 October 2572	Cheshvan 6333

2582/2583

Date	Jewish month and year
9 April 2582	Nissan 6342
3 October 2582	Tishri 6343
29 March 2583	Nissan 6343
22 September 2583	Tishri 6344

2589/2590

Date	Jewish month and year
21 May 2589	Iyyar 6349
13 November 2589	Cheshvan 6350
10 May 2590	Iyyar 6350
2 November 2590	Cheshvan 6351

Then there is a century-straddling tetrad:

2600/2601

Date	Jewish month and year
20 April 2600	Nissan 6360
14 October 2600	Tishri 6361
9 April 2601	Nissan 6361
4 October 2601	Tishri 6362

Like its predecessor, the twenty-seventh century contains 7 complete tetrads:

2611/2612

Date	Jewish month and year
20 March 2611	Adar Beit 6371
14 September 2611	Elul 6371
9 March 2612	Adar 6372
2 September 2612	Elul 6372

2618/2619

Date	Jewish month and year
1 May 2618	Iyyar 6378
25 October 2618	Cheshvan 6379
20 April 2619	Nissan 6379
15 October 2619	Tishri 6380

2629/2630

Date	Jewish month and year
31 March 2629	Nissan 6389
24 September 2629	Tishri 6390
26 March 2630	Adar Beit 6390
13 September 2630	Elul 6390

2640/2641

Date	Jewish month and year
29 February 2640	Adar 6400
23 August 2640	Elul 6400
17 February 2641	Adar Rishon 6401
13 August 2641	Av 6401

2647/2648

Date	Jewish month and year
11 April 2647	Nissan 6407
5 October 2647	Tishri 6408
31 March 2648	Nissan 6408
23 September 2648	Tishri 6409

2658/2659

Date	Jewish month and year
11 March 2658	Adar 6418
4 September 2658	Elul 6418
1 March 2659	Adar 6419
24 August 2659	Elul 6419

2676/2677

Date	Jewish month and year
22 March 2676	Adar Beit 6436
14 September 2676	Elul 6436
11 March 2677	Adar 6437
3 September 2677	Elul 6437

After this, there is another lengthy gap, with no tetrads in either the twenty-eighth or twenty-ninth centuries, while the thirtieth century has just one:

2987/2988

Date	Jewish month and year
2 July 2987	Tammuz 6747
26 December 2987	Tevet 6748
21 June 2988	Sivan 6748
14 December 2988	Kislev 6749

So, these are the tetrads for the remainder of the third millennium. We can now look at which tetrads include eclipses occurring on Pesach or Sukkot:

Tetrad	Number of total eclipses on:
	Pesach	Sukkot
2032/2033	1	1
2061/2062	1	1
2564/2565	1	1
2582/2583	2	2
2600/2601	2	2
2618/2619	1	1
2629/2630	1	1
2647/2648	2	2

This means that in the third millennium there are 3 more occassions where there is a tetrad comprised of 2 total lunar eclipses on Pesach and 2 on Sukkot.

An Overlooked Reason Why Labour Lost In 1983

Ask almost anyone about the June 1983 general election and you will get standard replies as to why the Conservatives won a landslide and Labour did so badly:

The Falklands war

Michael Foot's leadership of Labour

The Bennite left

The Gang of Four splitting away

The Liberal/Social Democrat Alliance splitting the anti-Conservative vote

There is another factor which always gets overlooked - and a little clause in the Electoral Registration & Administration Act 2013 makes this reason relevant to today's political climate.

And I suggest that even if in October 1980 the then Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer Denis Healey had been elected Labour leader, and was leading a united Labour party with Tony Benn and former Foreign & Commonwealth Secretary David Owen harmoniously working together in his Shadow Cabinet, former Education & Science Secretary Shirley Williams selected for a safe seat ready to resume her front-bench career post-election, and Labour's former deputy leader Roy Jenkins retired from the political world totally with his call for "some sort of centre party" forgotten - even in these circumstances, Labour would have faced an uphill battle to win in 1983.

The May 1979 election produced the following result:

• Conservative - 339 (included 2 Deputy Speakers - Croydon North East's Bernard Weatherill and Rye's Godman Irvine)
• Labour - 268 (included 1 Deputy Speaker - Liverpool Toxteth's Richard Crawshaw)
• Liberal - 11
• Ulster Unionist Party - 5
• Democratic Unionist Party - 3
• Scottish National Party - 2
• Plaid Cymru - 2
• Social Democratic & Labour Party - 1
• United Ulster Unionist Party - 1
• Independent Unionist - 1
• Independent Republican - 1
• The Speaker - 1

With 337 of the 631 voting MPs, there was a Conservative majority of 43, which - at first sight - sounds easy to overturn. Just 22 seats need to change hands....

However, in early 1983 there was an event which hit Labour badly - the redrawing of constituency boundaries. The constituencies in use had been rejected by the House of Commons in November 1969, so could not come into effect at the June 1970 general election. However, they were used for the February 1974 and October 1974 general elections, and again in 1979. By 1983 they were based on electoral data from 14 years ago.

In addition, there were a few bits of legislation from the early 1970s that had ramifications. The Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England and Wales, which included redrawing some county boundaries (e.g. that between Hampshire and Dorset) and creating "metropolitan counties". The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 did similar in Scotland.

This left constituencies crossing county boundaries - such as Christchurch & Lymington (Dorset/Hampshire) or Huddersfield West (Greater Manchester/West Yorkshire).

In March 1972, the then-Prime Minister, Edward Heath, decided to suspend the Northern Ireland Parliament and appoint William Whitelaw as the first Northern Ireland Secretary, followed by the Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972 which transferred executive power to the British Government.

At the time, with regards to the House of Commons, Northern Ireland had a larger electoral quota (i.e. the intended average number of electors per constituency) than Great Britain, due to the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949 setting the number of Northern Ireland constituencies at 12. In early 1979, in order to get Unionist support ensure a fair representation for Northern Ireland, the Labour Government was responsible for the House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1979, which raised this to 17.

So, due to a combination of factors - redrawn local government boundaries, the increase in Northern Ireland seats, the length of time since the previous review of constituencies - early 1983 saw a new set of 650 constituencies drawn up for that year's election.

The June 1983 election gave the following result:

• Conservative - 397
• Labour - 209
• Liberal - 17
• Ulster Unionist Party - 11
• Social Democrat - 6
• Democratic Unionist Party - 3
• Scottish National Party - 2
• Plaid Cymru - 2
• Social Democratic & Labour Party - 1
• Sinn Féin - 1
• Ulster Popular Unionist Party - 1

We can then use the list of the 72 seats changing hands to calculate a notional result for the 1979 election (i.e. the 1979 election on the 1983 boundaries):

Party	Gained from		Lost to		Change
	Party	Seats	Party	Seats
Conservative	Labour	47*	Liberal	5	Up 37
			Labour	4
			Social Democrat	1
Labour	Conservative	4	Conservative	47	Down 51
			Social Democrat	5
			Liberal	3
Liberal	Conservative	5			Up 8
	Labour	3
Ulster Unionist Party	Democratic Unionist Party	1	Democratic Unionist Party	1	Up 2
	Independent Unionist	1
	Independent Republican	1
Social Democrat	Labour	5			Up 6
	Conservative	1
Democratic Unionist Party	Ulster Unionist Party	1	Ulster Unionist Party	1	Up 1
	United Ulster Unionist Party	1
Social Democratic & Labour Party			Sinn Féin	1	Down 1
Ulster Popular Unionist Party	Independent Unionist	1			Up 1
Sinn Féin	Social Democratic & Labour Party	1			Up 1
Independent Unionist			Ulster Unionst	1	Down 2
			Ulster Popular Unionist Party	1
United Ulster Unionist Party			Democratic Unionist Party	1	Down 1
Independent Republican			Ulster Unionist Party	1	Down 1

[* One of these was Cardiff West, held in 1979 by George Thomas, the Speaker of the House of Commons, who retired at the 1983 election. However, there were significant boundary changes in Cardiff].

Using these, we can calculate the notional result for 1979:

• Conservative - 360
• Labour - 260
• Liberal - 9
• Ulster Unionist Party - 9
• Democratic Unionist Party - 2
• Scottish National Party - 2
• Plaid Cymru - 2
• Social Democratic & Labour Party - 2
• Independent Unionist - 2
• United Ulster Unionist Party - 1
• Independent Republican - 1

This looks different - the Conservative majority is up to 70, and Labour need to gain 66 seats (rather than 50) to gain an overall majority.

The British Broadcasting Corporation and Independent Television News drew up a set of notional results for their election night coverage.

The most marginal seat was Roxburgh & Berwickshire, where the Conservatives had a notional majority of 18 over the Liberals. This was drawn from Berwick & East Lothian (which in 1979 had been won by Labour's John Home-Robertson) and Roxburgh, Selkirk & Peebles (which in 1979 had been won by David Steel, who at the time was the Liberal leader). Since the 1970 election, Aberdeen South had been held by the Conservatives' Iain Sproat (who had initially won it by unseating Labour's Donald Dewar, who would go on to become the first Scottish First Minister), but it was always marginal, and boundary changes reduced its notional majority to 541. For reasons best known to himself, Sproat decided to contest Roxburgh & Berwickshire, which he lost to the Liberals' Archy Kirkwood. Meanwhile, Gerald Malone (who had stood against Steel in 1979), increased the Conservative majority in Aberdeen South.

A note on the Northern Ireland results, as the province had some interesting changes. Both Down North and Strangford are listed as Independent Unionist. This is James Kilfedder, who won Down North in 1979 - and the bulk of the Strangford created for 1983 was from his seat. In January 1980 he formed the United Popular Unionist Party. It never achieved much popularity. Strangford was won by the UUP's John Taylor, at the time one of Northern Ireland's Members of the European Parliament.

The United Ulster Unionist Party was a breakaway from the Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party, itself a breakaway from the Ulster Unionist Party. Its sole MP was John Dunlop in Ulster Mid which he won (under the Vanguard banner) at the February 1974 general election - he left Vanguard and formed the UUUP in October 1975. The other Vanguard MPs eventually left - Robert Bradford (Belfast South) joined the UUP in November 1975 and the Vanguard leader, William Craig (Belfast East) wound the party up and joined the UUP in November 1977. Bradford and Craig both stood for re-election in 1979 as UUP candidates, with Bradford holding his seat and Craig narrowly losing to the Democratic Unionist Party's Peter Robinson - now Northern Ireland's First Minister - with the seat becoming a close 3-way marginal (Oliver Napier, then the leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, was in third place). Although boundary changes for 1983 flipped the seat back to being notionally UUP, Craig had left that party by that time, so didn't try to win back his old seat.

Dunlop stood down at the 1983 election.

In 1979, the sole Social Democratic & Labour Party MP was its leader, Gerry Fitt, in Belfast West, a seat he had held since the March 1966 election, when he had unseated Kilfedder, who at the time was the sitting UUP MP. In November 1979 he had resigned from the SDLP and was replaced as leader by SDLP MEP John Hume - who would win Foyle in 1983 (this seat was drawn largely from Londonderry with parts of Ulster Mid), and in 1983 stood for re-election as an Independent Socialist, but ended up in third place.

The Independent Republican was Frank Maguire in Fermanagh & South Tyrone. He had won the seat in the October 1974 election by unseating the then-UUP leader, Harry West, and was re-elected in 1979 (the candidacy of the UUUP's Ernest Baird ensured that the Unionist vote was not united). In March 1981 Maguire died, and the following month's by-election was won by hunger striker Bobby Sands. Sands died 26 days after the by-election and in August 1981 the next by-election was won by Owen Carron on the banner "Anti-H Block/Proxy Political Prisoner". In 1983 Carron stood as the Sinn Féin candidate.

One consequence of boundary changes is that MPs can find themselves standing for re-election in seats which have a negative majority - note that this ignores by-election victors as well as MPs who defected to the Social Democrats unless they had defected from Labour and were contesting a successor seat which was notionally Conservative (on the grounds that if they had never defected, they would be Labour MPs contesting a notionally Conservative seat).

MP	Party	1979 constituency	1983 constituency	1979 notional winner	1979 notional majority	Won in 1983?
David Alton	Liberal	Liverpool Edge Hill	Liverpool Mossley Hill	Conservative	9,086 (over Labour)	Yes (from third place)
John Corrie	Conservative	Ayrshire North & Bute	Cunninghame North	Labour	286	Yes
Richard Crawshaw	Labour (Social Democrat)	Liverpool Toxteth	Liverpool Broadgreen	Conservative	565	No
Bob Cryer	Labour	Keighley	Keighley	Conservative	3,110	No
Gwyneth Dunwoody	Labour	Crewe	Crewe & Nantwich	Conservative	3,634	Yes
Tom Ellis	Labour (Social Democrat)	Wrexham	Clwyd South West	Conservative	3,006	No
David Ennals	Labour	Norwich North	Norwich North	Conservative	3,371	No
Harry Greenway	Conservative	Ealing North	Ealing North	Labour	1,421	Yes
Warren Hawksley	Conservative	The Wrekin	The Wrekin	Labour	1,382	Yes
John Horam	Labour (Social Democrat)	Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central	Newcastle-upon-Tyne Central	Conservative	5,790	No
Tom McNally	Labour (Social Democrat)	Stockport South	Stockport	Conservative	4,382	No
John Maxton	Labour	Glasgow Cathcart	Glasgow Cathcart	Conservative	1,737	Yes
Peter Robinson	Democratic Unionist Party	Belfast East	Belfast East	Ulster Unionist Party	550	Yes
Ann Taylor	Labour	Bolton West	Bolton North East	Conservative	1,368	No
Richard Wainwright	Liberal	Colne Valley	Colne Valley	Labour	2,239	Yes
Frank White	Labour	Bury & Radcliffe	Bury North	Conservative	3,017	No

Crawshaw had resigned as Deputy Speaker in February 1981 and joined the Social Democrats when that party was set up the following month. Liverpool Broadgreen was one of just 4 seats that Labour gained in 1983, with Terry Fields winning. The local Liberal Association refused to support Crawshaw, and Richard Pine contested the seat as an Independent Liberal, leading to Crawshaw taking fourth place. In December 1991 Fields was expelled from the Labour party and contested the seat as an Independent at the April 1992 election, coming third.

Dunwoody was the Shadow Health Secretary at the time, and the only member of the Shadow Cabinet to be defending a negative majority.

Ennals had been Health & Social Security Secretary throughout the Callaghan Government.

The Labour candidate hoping to hold Ealing North was Hilary Benn, now the Shadow Foreign & Commonwealth Secretary.

The Labour candidate hoping to hold The Wrekin was Bruce Grocott, who had been MP for Lichfield & Tamworth from the October 1974 election until losing to the Conservatives' John Heddle in 1979. Grocott was elected for The Wrekin on his second attempt, at the June 1987 election.

McNally's Stockport South was split between Stockport and Denton & Reddish - the latter was notionally a safe Labour seat, and was won by Andrew Bennett, who had been MP for Stockport North since the February 1974 election.

Taylor had - as the table shows - been MP for Bolton West, which was affected by boundary changes. The revised seat had a notional Conservative majority of 5,602, so she followed part of her seat into Bolton North East, where she was defeated by Peter Thurnham (who would resign the Conservative whip in February 1996 and join the Liberal Democrats in October that year). Taylor returned to Parliament by winning Dewsbury from the Conservatives in 1987, and when Labour returned to power after the May 1997 election she sat in the Cabinet as Lord President of the Council and Leader of the House of Commons.

The new county boundaries had - as I noted earlier - led to the Conservative/Labour marginal Huddersfield West being divided across the Greater Manchester/West Yorkshire border. The Greater Manchester part was combined with part of the Liberal Rochdale to form a Conservative seat, Littleborough & Saddleworth, with Geoffrey Dickens, the outgoing MP for Huddersfield West being elected there, while the West Yorkshire part was added on to the Liberal/Labour marginal of Colne Valley.

With that out the way, we can now look at the effect of swings from the Conservatives to Labour based on the notional 1979 results. For each 0.5% increase in swing, the Conservative share of the vote decreases by 0.5% from the 1979 level (43.87%), the Labour share of the vote increases by 0.5% from the 1979 level (36.91%), and the Conservative lead over Labour decreases by 1%.

Firstly, we begin with a 0.5% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 0.5% swing	Actual 1983
Birmingham Northfield	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Bury South	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Roxburgh & Berwickshire	Conservative	Liberal	Liberal

Conservative 357, Labour 262, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 2, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Conservative majority 64

The defeated Labour candidate in Birmingham Northfield was sitting MP John Spellar, who had won the seat at a by-election in October 1982 - this was the only seat that Labour gained at a by-election in the 1979-1983 Parliament, their first gain at a by-election since winning Merthyr Tydfil from an Independent (who had been deselected by Labour prior to the 1970 election) in April 1972, and their first gain of a Conservative seat at a by-election since winning Bromsgrove in May 1971.

Spellar would return to Parliament and served as Minister for the Armed Forces and then Minister for Transport when Labour returned to power in 1997. He is now MP for Warley and a Shadow Minister for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs.

Then a 1% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 1% swing	Actual 1983
Aberdeen South	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Dulwich	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Hornchurch	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Liverpool Broadgreen	Conservative	Labour	Labour
Luton South	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Moray	Conservative	Scottish National Party	Conservative
Nottingham South	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Stirling	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Conservative 349, Labour 269, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 3, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Conservative majority 48

The Labour candidate in Dulwich was Kate Hoey, now MP for Vauxhall.

The SNP candidate in Moray was Hamish Watt, who had won Banffshire at the February 1974 election and lost it to the Conservatives in 1979. Moray was drawn from parts of the 1979 Banffshire and Moray & Nairn. The successful Conservative victor in Moray was Alexander Pollock, who had won Moray & Nairn from the SNP's Winnie Ewing in 1979.

The Labour candidate in Nottingham South was Ken Coates, who was MEP for Nottingham from the June 1989 European election until the June 1994 one, and then MEP for Nottinghamshire North & Chesterfield until the June 1999 one. He was expelled from Labour in January 1998 after joining the Green group in the European Parliament.

The Labour candidate for Stirling was Michael Connarty, who became MP for Falkirk East at the 1992 election and lost his seat to the SNP in May 2015. The Conservative victor was newcomer Michael Forsyth, who would go on to become Scottish Secretary.

Then a 1.5% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 1.5% swing	Actual 1983
Calder Valley	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Pendle	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Conservative 347, Labour 271, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 3, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Conservative majority 44

Note that a 1.5% swing would have taken Labour to the same number of seats as in 1992. In 1992, the Conservative lead over Labour was 7.53% - so actually greater than it was in 1979, indicating that in those 15 years there had still been a swing away from Labour to the Conservatives. In 1979, Labour would have only needed to have been 3.97% behind the Conservatives to be in the same position (in terms of numbers of seats) that it was in at the 1992 election.

What this suggests is that although the boundary changes that came into effect in 1983 hit Labour hard, by 1992 this impact had lessened.

There is something else to note - at the 1983 election, the Conservative share of the vote fell by 1.45%. If this had been uniform, and had been simply due to Conservative voters switching to Labour, then Calder Valley would have fallen, but the Conservatives would have held on to Pendle (with a majority of 12 if turn-out had remained the same). The headline figure in the newspapers would have been Thatcher having increased the Conservative majority from 43 to 46.

There is often the "separated brethren" argument made - namely that if only the Liberal/Social Democrat Alliance had not "split" the anti-Conservative vote, then Labour would have won handsomely in 1983. What this shows, however, is that if the Conservative vote had fallen - uniformly - to its 1983 level, and the Liberal vote remained steady, then Labour would have only made a small increase from 268 MPs after the 1979 election to 270.

Now look at a 2% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 2% swing	Actual 1983
Birmingham Erdington	Conservative	Labour	Labour
Bolton North East	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Cambridge	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Cardiff Central	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Croydon North West	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Dudley West	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Fulham	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Welwyn Hatfield	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Conservative 339, Labour 279, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 3, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Conservative majority 28

As noted above, Labour winning Bolton North East would have kept Taylor in the Commons.

Croydon North West had been won by the Liberals' Bill Pitt in a by-election in October 1981.

Then a 2.5% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 2.5% swing	Actual 1983
Banff & Buchan	Conservative	Scottish National Party	Conservative
Edinburgh Central	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Erewash	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Glasgow Cathcart	Conservative	Labour	Labour
Southampton Test	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Vale of Glamorgan	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Westminster North	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Conservative 332, Labour 285, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Conservative majority 14

It is interesting to note that this result would have prevented a couple of high-profile Scottish politicians being elected in 1987. At that election, the SNP's Alex Salmond (who went on to become Scottish First Minister and is now MP for Gordon and Member of the Scottish Parliament for Aberdeenshire East) won Banff & Buchan, while future Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling, won Edinburgh Central for Labour.

The SNP candidate for Banff & Buchan was Douglas Henderson, who had been MP for its one of its predecessor seats, Aberdeenshire East, between the February 1974 and 1979 elections.

At the 1979 election, the only seat the Conservatives lost was Glasgow Cathcart, when Teddy Taylor, who - at the time - was Shadow Scottish Secretary, was unseated by Labour's Maxton. Boundary changes made this seat notionally Conservative, so Maxton is one of those rare politicians who has gained an identically-named seat from the Conservatives at two successive elections. The most recent example is the Liberal Democrats' Lorely Burt, who won Solihull from the Conservatives at the May 2005 general election and then at the May 2010 general election.

The Labour candidate in Westminster North was Arthur Latham, who had been MP for Paddington from the February 1974 election until the 1979 one, when he was defeated by the Conservatives' John Wheeler. 1983 saw another Wheeler/Latham battle.

Note that Labour would be on 39.41% of the vote - higher than the share of the vote which saw Harold Wilson "win" for Labour in the February 1974 and October 1974 election - but would be 47 seats behind the Conservatives, another indication that these boundary changes were not in Labour's interests.

Then a 3% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 3% swing	Actual 1983
Bury North	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Crawley	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Ilford South	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Peterborough	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Putney	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Conservative 327, Labour 290, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Conservative majority 4

Bury North was another one of the notionally Conservative seats in which a sitting Labour MP was standing for re-election.

The successful Conservative candidate in Crawley was Nicholas Soames, who went on to become Shadow Defence Secretary, but was better known for being a grandson of former Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Peterborough saw Brian Mawhinney - who would go on to be Transport Secretary and then Conservative Party Chairman - re-elected, while in Putney, David Mellor, who would become the first National Heritage Secretary, held his seat against the Labour challenger Peter Hain (who would go on to hold several Cabinet posts, including Welsh Secretary, Northern Ireland Secretary, Leader of the House of Commons and Work & Pensions Secretary).

Next a 3.5% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 3.5% swing	Actual 1983
Brecon & Radnor	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Bristol North West	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Crewe & Nanwich	Conservative	Labour	Labour
Eltham	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Great Yarmouth	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Keighley	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Conservative 321, Labour 296, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Conservative minority 8

It might seem very odd to see Brecon & Radnor in this list as a potential Labour seat, especially as even with a Liberal Democrat meltdown, Labour could only manage a poor third place this year. However, it was continually Labour from the July 1945 election until the Conservatives' Tom Hooson won it in 1979. Hooson died in May 1985, and the subsequent by-election began the era of Liberal dominance there.

Bristol North West had been won by the Conservatives' Michael Colvin in 1979, but he had decided to contest Romsey & Waterside (where I lived) in 1983, and was elected there. The Labour candidate was Sarah Palmer, whose father was Arthur Palmer, who had been Labour MP for Bristol North East (which was divided into 3 parts for the 1983 election) since the February 1974 election.

Crewe & Nanwich and Keighley were examples of sitting Labour MPs defending negative majorities. Dunwoody won the former on a swing of 3.20%, which - if repeated uniformly - would have reduced the Conservatives to 325 MPs and a notional majority of 0 (Cryer would have won Keighley on this swing) - although, with Sinn Féin's abstentionist policy, this would have been an effective Conservative majority of 1.

Although Dunwoody was - on paper - the most vulnerable member of the Shadow Cabinet, she was re-elected while Shadow Transport Secretary Albert Booth and Shadow Attorney-General Arthur Davidson lost Barrow & Furness and Hyndburn respectively to the Conservatives.

The loss of Brecon & Radnor on a 3.33% swing (which would see the Conservatives just 0.28% ahead of Labour in the popular vote) would have created a hung Parliament.

Next a 4% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 4% swing	Actual 1983
Birmingham Yardley	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Clwyd South West	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Edinburgh South	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Elmet	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Enfield North	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Gloucestershire West	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Hampstead & Highgate	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Hornsey & Wood Green	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Lancashire West	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Lincoln	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Medway	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Norwich North	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Ynys Môn	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Labour 309, Conservative 308, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Labour minority 32

The Labour candidate for Birmingham Yardley was Roger Godsiff, who had to wait until the 1992 election to become an MP (for Birmingham Small Heath) and is now MP for Birmingham Hall Green.

Clywd South West was a new constituency, built from Denbigh (whose Conservative MP, Geraint Morgan, who had held the seat since the October 1959 general election, was retiring), and from Wrexham, which had been held since the 1970 election by Ellis. He had originally been elected as Labour, but had been a founder MP of the Social Democrats in March 1981, and was contesting Clywd South West (while the safe Labour Wrexham was narrowly held for Labour by John Marek, who, by the May 2011 elections to the Welsh Assembly, was a Conservative. It is reasonable to assume that if the Social Democrats had never been formed, then Ellis, rather than Marek, would be the Labour candidate for Wrexham.

The re-elected Conservative MP for Edinburgh South was Michael Kerr, who would go on to become Conservative deputy leader and Shadow Foreign & Commonwealth Secretary. He lost his seat in 1987.

The Labour candidate in Hampstead & Highgate was John McDonnell, now MP for Hayes & Harlington.

Norwich North is another seat where a Labour MP is defending a negative majority.

It is the gain of Lancashire West on a 3.97% swing which makes Labour the largest party, but it would need the support of 16 more MPs to reach 325. The Liberals, Plaid Cymru and the Social Democratic & Labour Party would only be able to provide 13 of these. At this point Labour would be on 40.91% (so still behind its share of the vote in every election from 1945 to 1970 inclusive), while the Conservatives on 39.90% - above their share of the vote in the 1974 elections, and only a little above their share of the vote in their crushing defeat of 1945.

Before that, however, there is a little milestone passed when the swing is 3.84% - which sees 9 of these (Birmingham Yardley, Clwyd South West, Elmet, Gloucestershire West, Hornsey & Wood Green, Lincoln, Medway, Norwich North and Ynys Môn) change hands. The significance of this is that it gives Labour the same lead over the Conservatives (0.73%) as at the narrow Labour victory of October 1964. This, however, based on a uniform swing from 1979, puts the Conservatives on 312 seats to Labour's 305.

Next a 4.5% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 4.5% swing	Actual 1983
Ayr	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Brentford & Isleworth	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Dartford	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Langbaurgh	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Rossendale & Darwen	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Labour 314, Conservative 303, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Labour minority 22

Next a 5% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 5% swing	Actual 1983
Chorley	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Dover	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Dundee East	Scottish National Party	Labour	Scottish National Party
Manchester Withington	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Stockport	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Tayside North	Conservative	Scottish National Party	Conservative
Waveney	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Labour 320, Conservative 297, Liberal 10, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Labour minority 10

Dundee East's sitting MP was the then SNP leader, Gordon Wilson, while the SNP candidate for Tayside North was Alasdair Morgan, who went on to serve as MP and MSP for Galloway & Upper Nithsdale.

One milestone that is passed is the swing of 4.81% from the Conservatives to Labour, which brings Labour to a lead of 2.69%, which was its lead in its narrow victory of February 1950. On this swing 4 of these seats (Chorley, Dundee East, Stockport and Waveney) would change hands, giving Labour 318 seats to the Conservatives' 300 - this lead of 18 seats (in a smaller House of Commons) is just 1 more than the lead Labour had over the combined Conservative, Scottish Unionist, National Liberal and Ulster Unionist tally at the 1950 election.

Next a 5.5% swing:

Constituency	Winning Party
	Notional 1979	On 5% swing	Actual 1983
Coventry South West	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Delyn	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Montgomery	Conservative	Liberal	Liberal
Newark	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Northampton North	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Richmond & Barnes	Conservative	Liberal	Conservative
Staffordshire South East	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Streatham	Conservative	Labour	Conservative
Wallasey	Conservative	Labour	Conservative

Labour 327, Conservative 288, Liberal 12, Scottish National Party 4, Plaid Cymru 2, Northern Ireland parties 17. Labour majority 4

The Liberal candidate in Richmond & Barnes was Alan Watson, with the successful Conservative being Jeremy Hanley, who went on to become Conservative Party Chairman.

The Labour candidate in Staffordshire South East was Cynthia Crawley, who would be elected Member of the European Parliament for Birmingham East in June 1984 and hold that seat until retiring in June 1999. The successful Conservative candidate was David Lightbown, whose death in December 1995, led to a by-election which was won by Labour.

It is Streatham, on a 5.39% swing, which would see Labour on 326 seats, and hence forming an overall majority (Delyn is the seat that would increase the Labour majority to 4). This would require Labour to be 3.85% ahead of the Conservatives - which up till then it had only managed twice before.

And if we look at post-war elections up to that point where there was a swing from the Conservatives to Labour, we have:

Election	Swing
October 1964	3.12%
March 1966	2.71%
October 1974	2.07%
February 1974	1.29%

So, from its starting point at the 1979 general election, Labour would have needed a swing of:

• 3.33% for there to be a hung Parliament
• 3.97% to be the largest party in a hung Parliament
• 5.39% to have an overall majority

Even to deprive the Conservatives of an overall majority, Labour would have needed a larger swing than anything it had achieved in a post-war general election up to that point.

Due to the boundary changes, the 1983 election was effectively unwinnable for Labour.

County Senates - The Missing Element Of Devolution?

Much of England is still covered by two-tier local government, where you have the higher-tier council (normally at a county level) and then lower-tier ones (which will be city, borough or district councils).

The Local Government Act 1992 introduced the idea of unitary authorities in non-metropolitan areas, and as a result, the Hampshire (Cities of Portsmouth and Southampton) (Structural Change) Order 1995 was signed by David Curry, then the Minister for Local Government, which stripped Hampshire County Council of any powers in Portsmouth and Southampton and turned their City Councils into unitary authorities.

Where you have a two-tier system, the councils have responsibility for different matters. This can cause confusion among people who think in terms of a single entity - "the council" - and this leads to moaning newspaper letters about how your borough council is refusing to do something about a matter which is for the county council.

A few years ago, Ken Thornber, then the leader of Hampshire County Council, came up with the "Hampshire Senate" idea. Currently, councils are unicameral - you elect councillors and they form the council's legislative arm. But what happens when you have a two-tier system?

OK, there will be people with dual mandates who will be elected to both lower- and upper-tier councils. But you still have 2 councils, whose decisions can impact on the other's, but with no formal legislative connection.

The Hampshire Senate idea was attempt to sort out this democratic deficit. Under it, Hampshire County Council would become bicameral, with an upper chamber being drawn from councillors from the lower-tier councils. From what I recall, each council would have the same number of representatives - the largest (Southampton) has about 2¹/₂ the population of the smallest (Gosport).

And Southampton and Portsmouth would be included - which would have made their statuses as unitary authorities untenable long-term.

It has to be said that, at one level, this isn't highly original. The Labour Government at the time had introduced the Regional Development Agencies Act 1998 (we would be covered by the South East England Development Agency), which allowed the Environment, Transport & Regional Affairs Secretary to declare that a suitable body could be the "regional chamber" for the development agency.

In our case, this was the South East England Regional Assembly, which had 111 members, 73 of whom would be drawn from councils in the region.

Hence the idea that local authorities would play a role in regional government was established. Allowing lower-tier authorities to be involved in upper-tier local government is simply an extension of that idea.

I now see that there may be a devolution of powers to Hampshire. My slight problem with this is that there needs to be a legislative body to handle the new powers, rather than a hotchpotch of local authorities - some unitary, one top-tier, some lower-tier. It strikes me that resurrecting the Hampshire Senate idea would go some way towards solving this problem - powers would be exercised by Hampshire County Council, but with unitary and lower-tier authorities having legislative input and exercising oversight via the Senate.